Personality and Ill Health Free Essays

Among the mental components that sway wellbeing, character †that is table individual contrasts in deduction, feeling and carrying on assumes a vital job. For instance, an individual high it could be said of intelligibility (SOC), along these lines see less pressure and consider the to be as increasingly reasonable, bringing about great wellbeing (Williams, 2010). Moreover, the individual contrasts that exist as far as the demeanor the individual has towards their wellbeing and how they conceptualize their ailment Is significant. We will compose a custom article test on Character and Ill Health or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now In spite of the fact that It Is a well known idea that character characteristics Influence the condition of a people physical wellbeing, It Is hard to set up the genuine idea of the connection among thunderously and wellbeing , including estimation, the differentiation between abstractly revealed indications and target indications of disease and the bearing of causation (Matthews et al. , 2003). Four manners by which wellbeing status and character may be connected have been recognized by Souls and Retouches, (1990). Initially is the most grounded presumptions about the significance of character characteristics which speak to organically based contrasts that may cause distinctive disease results. Second, the connection among attributes and disease may be relationship instead of easygoing. Third is the ease of use that qualities lead to practices that In go lead to diseases e. G. Smoking. At last, Illnesses may cause character changes. In any case research has would in general spotlight on each of these viewpoints in turn which may misrepresent the total Interrelationships that are probably going to exist (Friedman, 2000). The past has demonstrated that from early occasions a connection has quite often been made among character and ailment. Hippocrates (460-377 BC) portrayed physical sickness as being brought about by the equalization of natural liquids or humors †which means character qualities (Steelmaker and Swastika. , 1992). Character is frequently conceptualized as explicit social styles rather than character issue or character spaces. Type A, Type B, Type C and Type D are a few instances of an assortment of standards of conduct that are assembled to frame a character type. Type A character is one of the most concentrated of these. It Is a standard of conduct set apart by strained quality, anxiety and forcefulness, regularly relating in pressure related indications, for example, a sleeping disorder and Indigestion, and potentially Increasing the danger of coronary illness. The term Type A’ was created by Friedman Rosen man (1 959), by which stile, and extremely tense †summed up essentially as a â€Å"workaholic† character. Type A character was created utilizing organized meetings, be that as it may, albeit solid it was work serious and along these lines costly. Because of this it lead to the improvement of the Jenkins self report measure Nonsense et al. , 1974). There were in any event four significant advancement investigations of character and cardiovascular vascular sickness PROVIDING CONFLICTING RESULTS. The most punctual accomplishment for Type A character originated from the Western Collaborative Group Study (Roseanne et al. , 1975). This examination followed 3, 154 at first solid men geed between 39 59 years. The example was lined up 8 h years after the fact with Type A men were found to have twice as much cardiovascular infection than Type B men. Type B characters are exceptionally laid back , patient, and take an extremely loosened up calm way to deal with life and their Job. This would propose that Type A characters are more inclined to cardiovascular illness than Type B characters. Be that as it may, a later follow up study demonstrated progressively negative or unequivocal outcomes. Following 22 years a similar gathering announced no impacts of Type A yet peaceful stamped consequences for mortality from blood eradication, cholesterol , smoking and age (Raglans Brand, 1988), proposing there was more than Type A character legitimately expanding danger of coronary illness. Correspondingly, an accomplice study known as the Farmington study, started between 1965 1967 (Haynes et al. , 1978). This included 5,127 people being surveyed and seen the frequency of cardiovascular malady as fundamentally higher in Type A than Type B. Nonetheless, in a subsequent report results were less obvious as it was discovered that Type A character was prescient of cardiovascular malady just in certain word related gatherings. Likewise, ladies with cardiovascular ailment scored all the more profoundly on Type A conduct and smothered greater threatening vibe, strain and tension than men. Adding to these clashing outcomes were the Honolulu Heart Program Study (Cohen Reid, 1985) and the British Regional Heart Study Monsoon et al 1987) which found no huge relationship between Type A character and cardiovascular illness. These discoveries have attempted to be clarified through a meta-investigation of the writing (Booth-Kelley Friedman, 1987) where discoveries were supposed to be because of the distinctions in the methods of evaluating conduct and the utilization of various result guarantee, in that a differentiation should be made among impartially and emotionally estimating these results. Albeit, an affiliation was made between Type A character and cardiovascular ailment, the conflicting outcomes can mean various things and further examinations of pathways and instruments is important to completely comprehend the affiliations. This recommends despite the fact that Type A may have a relationship to C. V. D. , it doesn't portray an unmistakable result of disease. Another aspect in research is that given by character scholars, where the segments of character are taken a gander at rather than the character in general. Glass (1977) discovered three separate parts made up Type A character. These included endeavoring seriously for accomplishment, need to keep moving and elevated levels of threatening vibe. Contrasted with the more loose, nice Type BBS; Type As were viewed as progressively worried about having control and having lower edge for seeing Hostility here is depicted as the â€Å"toxic† part. In a meta-examination of 45 investigations (Chide Step, 2009) closed threatening vibe and outrage was related with an increase(20%) danger of C. H. D. Creating in initially solid individuals. Likewise, examination, for example, the Western Electric Study (1983) has reliably hill a connection among antagonistic vibe and C. H. D. So also, 12 longitudinal examinations inspected the job of threatening vibe on the occurrence of C. H. D. , 6 longitudinal investigations have inspected the job of threatening vibe on C. H. D. Mortality and 2 longitudinal examinations inspected the job of antagonistic vibe n sub clinical C. V. D. The outcomes from these uncovered that outrage/antagonistic vibe was related with C. H. D. ND cause mortality, free of expected biologic and socio-segment confounder (Fink, 2009). Interestingly, the high scores found on the character attribute of antagonistic vibe expected an easygoing connect to C. H. D. - in that the counter-intuitive procedures related with threatening conduct are additionally connected with expanded C. V. D. (Square et al 2002). The proof gave here depicts that a person that is progressive ly unfriendly is increasingly inclined to C. H. D. Either legitimately or through results that people show, for example, smoking or drinking liquor in view of the antagonistic conduct. This proof proposes that while type A character alone can't reliably foresee C. H. D. , its subcomponents, (for example, antagonistic vibe as examined above) are in truth progressively dependable pointers . Because of the conflicting discoveries on type A character and C. H. D. It thus came about on an accentuation on singular contrasts. Examination found that downturn, low degrees of social help, high antagonistic vibe and outrage being viewed as hazard factors in C. H. D. (Dickens et al. , 2007). It was finished up, mental hazard factors would in general group together in certain people and they were along these lines bound to encounter cardiovascular issues when managing incessant pressure. Once more, a character type approach was created Personality Type D ( Denote, 2000), which comprised of consolidated conditions of uneasiness, negativity, misery and outrage. Type D is additionally portrayed by significant levels of negative celebration (AN) and social hindrance, with people particularly encountering A bound to encounter trouble, nervousness, peevishness, cynicism and stress. It is the joined impacts of these negative feelings that characterize Type D (Cupper Denote, 2007). In any case, it is this failure to adapt that may help clarify why a few people are progressively inclined to C. H. D. In spite of the fact that, it has as of late been accounted for that Type D is a free indicator of expanded mortality among patients with coronary heart disease(Cupper Denote, 2007), practically zero exploration has researched how type d ND non type d singular adapt to pressure. Both negative emotionally and social hindrance include removing oneself from the burdens utilizing shirking or withdrawal adapting techniques making the individual make less endeavors to connect legitimately with the issue. Additionally people with type D are anticipated to effectively decrease their endeavors to search out social help (Denote, 2000) which has been demonstrated to be inconvenient to wellbeing and prosperity. A cross-sectional investigation of 334 first year college understudies found a little yet critical arbitrator impact for Type D for he withdrawal manifestation of burnout (Pullman et al, 2009). These discoveries likewise reflected different discoveries with people high in character quality hypochondriacs, which imparts likenesses to pessimistic emotionally (egg Denote, 2005). In this manner, diminished levels in correlations with non-type d people. This incorporates evasion adapting procedures too, which thus lead to higher feelings of anxiety affecting C. H. D. It is obvious from the proof given that a connection among character and wellbeing exists, hence making a few people who have qualities, for example, threatening vibe or sensuality more inclined to sickness than others without these characteristics. In spite of the fact that it is favo

AET ETO reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

AET ETO reflection - Essay Example Racing is a game that anybody can participate in without breaking a sweat. Grassroots dashing made a craving for challenge among energetic grown-ups. By partner with the neighborhood drag strip, perusers can experience racing independently. Slingshot gives the enchantment mix of sounds, the blasting elastic, the wailing fumes, the coarseness, the nitro and the blazes. Turn on the Slingshot video noisy and lose oneself in the fervor of racing history. The beginning of the film is a reasonable sign that drag history is the focal point of the film. This is so on the grounds that it begins by indicating that the birthplaces of racing is back dated 1930’s in Southern California as young honorable men rioted to compete.â Other men arranged this rich bisque of hot riders and created a land pace group that made the long trek along earth streets into the dried up pools of the Mojave Desert in order to race their cars. This is an intriguing picture to examine how the world recognized motorsport occasions began from humble settings. A few people express that racing is dated along with the taming of the pony and that individuals have consistently contested others to demonstrations of speed. This video is around 30 minutes in length and gives the ordered occasions of racing, utilizing interviews with some of the most significant men to have at any point directed or taken an interest in drag racing. Slingshot is a bewildering brief narrative and at a half hour will stick individual’s consideration. Truth be told, I viewed the film multiple times and felt that I wanted that it could have spent more time.â Since the film is an arrangement of work, section two will in all likelihood proceed the narrative.â The old video clasps and photography are as spectaculars as one could get anywhere.â The scenery prattle and music is once in a while somewhat bothering, however there must be some solid or the

Blog Archive mbaMission Consultant Spotlight Susan Kaplan

Blog Archive mbaMission Consultant Spotlight Susan Kaplan At mbaMission, our consultants are more than just graduates of the world’s top MBA programsâ€"we are also expert communicators who possess an unparalleled knowledge of the business school admissions process. Each week, we highlight one member of our team who has committed his/her professional life to helping you get into business school. Susan Kaplan earned her MBA in marketing and strategy from the Yale School of Management and after graduating, focused on marketing major national brands. She started as a marketing consultant, implementing integrated marketing campaigns for clients in the financial and health care industries. She was later director of corporate marketing for the National Hockey League, where she collaborated with national sponsors and oversaw multi-million dollar marketing programs. Most recently, Susan was the brand manager for GMAT and GRE programs at Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions, where she managed all aspects of the product lines, including product development and marketing, in addition to writing materials on the admissions process. In this role, she also counseled thousands of MBA candidates on the admissions process and eventually became a consultant, working one-on-one with clients. Susan has a bachelor’s degree in psychology from the University of Michigan and before attending business school worked as a policy analyst at the Department of Labor in Washington, DC, where she wrote policy papers for senior leadership and developed external communications for the public on department initiatives. Quick facts: Received MBA from: Yale School of Management Undergraduate field of study: Psychology Fields worked in before mbaMission:  Marketing, consulting, education, sports Working style:  I really enjoy digging into clients’ experiences to develop their full story and identify the interesting “nuggets” they did not realize would make their application stand out.  I also develop a strong relationship with my clients and motivate them to create the best applications they can.   I truly see our working relationship as a partnership. What past clients are saying: “Susan was simply incredible: She really put her vast experience to profit by helping me transform my essays, with a turnaround time for her comments that was more than I could ask for. I could not have done it without her.” “Long story short, the brainstorming process, outlining, drafting and pulling together all of the other little things that make up an application was a lot easier and less painful with Susan. I actually learned a great deal about myself and my goals by going through the process.” “Working with Susan made me understand exactly where my weaknesses were and how to address them properly. It also helped me understand my strengths, how to talk about them through simple but effective stories and how to demonstrate how my strengths added value to the particular school I was applying to.” Watch Susan’s video: Share ThisTweet mbaMission Consultant Spotlight News

Ethnography of Basketball Fan Culture - 590 Words

Ethnography of Basketball Fan Culture Part 1 - Introduction As a basketball fanatic, I choose to investigate how fan culture surrounding basketball has grown and has become such a fan-oriented league. Basketball has expanded and has become a global phenomenon allowing fans to interact with athletes and change the way fans watch basketball through social media. Being a basketball fan where you could only watch your favorite teams games on television and listen on the radio to now being able to stream live games online with your laptop, phone, tablet, etc. There was a time players could only show their personalities by interviews and newspaper but with social media exposure, fans get to see their favorite basketball in another way from just seeing them on the court. In a way, fans feel more attached to a player having to interact with a certain player on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram rather then just reading about them, they get a first hand experience. Part 2 - Review Of Literature NBA fan culture and its interactions with players have revolutionized the league over the years. Fans only had the ability to either watch on TV or go see the game but now with Twitter, Facebook and Instagram accounts, there’s a whole new way for fans to interact with athletes and stay connected. A paradigm shift has taken place in the American culture where fans feel a need for instant gratification. Social media now allows fans to fill their need without needingShow MoreRelatedThe Wrestler s Body : Identity And Ideology1365 Words   |  6 PagesActivity [CAAWS] (2005). Success Stories: Increasing Opportunities for Girls and Women in National and Multi-Sport Organizations CAAWS: Ottawa, Ont. Carter, Thomas 2002 on the Need for an Anthropological Approach to Sport, Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power. Routledge. Centre for Gender Equality, 2006 Sports, Media and Stereotypes Women and Men in Sports and Media. Chalazae Aina, Philippe Sarrazin, Paul Fontayne Julie Boiche Corentin Clà ©ment-Guillotin 2013 Psychology of Sports and Exercise:Read More Ethnography Essays4047 Words   |  17 PagesEthnography Introduction Beginning with the early stages of savagery to the complex civilizations in the 21st century, the need to compete remains an important aspect in the continual evolution of mankind. Competition took various forms throughout history from the bloody attempts to kill a mammoth in order to provide nourishment, to the violent battles between two opposing sides taking place on college football fields every Saturday afternoon. Another form of competition involving severe contactRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesbureaucracy and hierarchy The virtuous bureaucracy Modernist themes in organizational design Modernist bureaucracy as a key challenge to organization design Contingency theory and organization design Organization culture as a key theme in organization theory The modernist tradition in organization culture Conclusions: does modernist organization theory still provide challenges for new visions of the organization? 54 54 56 56 56 58 58 59 60 60 63 66 68 69 70 72 74 75 77 81 83 85 87 87 87 89 92 92 94 Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBehavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1

Name 3 Monosaccharides - List of Monosaccharides

glucose (dextrose)fructose (levulose)galactoseribosexylose

Shakespeare s Sonnet 116, La Belle Dame Sans Merci, My...

How is love presented/explored in the poems Sonnet 116, La Belle Dame Sans Merci, My Last Duchess and three others? (Intro) Love is a constant theme explored in English Literature and can be presented through a variety of connotations, such as romantic, sexual and possessive. The poems Sonnet 116, La Belle Dame Sans Merci and My Last Duchess all portray these notions. Sonnet 116 presents a real, romantic and everlasting love, as the poem explores the meaning of love in its most ideal form. This is reflected in Shakespeare’s other sonnet, Sonnet 18, in which the simplicity of the poem emphasises love in its most perfect form; pure and unbreakable. It is also interesting to note that he often writes using a sonnet structure as this is one frequently associated with the conceit of romantic love. The poem La Belle Dame Sans Merci is undoubtedly an example of the effects of lust, which is similar to To His Coy Mistress, in which the theme of lust is certainly present, as the speaker desperately tries to tempt his mistress into the act of sex, through a persuasive argument. Robert Browning†™s poems My Last Duchess and Porphyria’s Lover, are both alike in being dramatic monologues, portraying the possessive nature of love and the idea of submission, as the cynical speakers of both poems are describing their former loved ones, who, in both cases, are suggested to be dead. (Theme) Shakespeare’s two poems Sonnet 116 and Sonnet 18 are identical in sharing the sonnet structure of

Building Construction Laws

Question: Discuss about the Building Construction Laws. Answer: Introduction The building industry is a complex activity, which involves different activities. The renovation of the buildings is in most cases do happen and may result due to different reasons. Some of the major activities which result to the renovation is due to the change are use of buildings. In this case, the building may be changes from a particular initial use to another (Stephenson, 2012, p.45). This will result to the need for the change of the design parameters such as the measurements and structural stability. In addition, in that case, the building use may require more area and therefore lead to an increase of the dimensions. In addition, the tastes of the clients may also lead to the need for renovation. This is where the client needs some aspects to be in cooperated in the building where they were initially omitted. Generally, the renovation of the buildings will require compliance to certain rules and laws. These laws are there to ensure that the safety and health of the structure is maintained at any given moment (Pinson, 2005, p.87). In addition, the companies undertaking these renovations are required by the laws to comply with the laws. The laws are mostly focusing on the safety measures during the construction and also ensuring that the final occupants of the renovated building are safe. The responsibility of the complying with the laws is able to lay on the hand of several people. First, the clients and the contractors have the biggest role in ensuring that the rules and laws are complied with effectively. The laws are able to range from the general safety to the disability access, structural stability environmental impact and protection and construction compliance rules (Haidar, 2011, p.87). Moreover, the laws on the renovation are able to apply on the buildings where the construction works are being carried out. This means that other surrounding structures will not be affected by the rules which the renovating building have to comply with. Some of suc h structures, which are not affected by such laws, include the freestanding garden walls, paths, fences and even the drives. According to the case study of Faggs Mitre 10 hardware redevelopment, there are several areas where different laws have to apply in order to meet the required standards of renovation and refurbishment of the building. Building construction laws Construction compliance is one of the key law which the renovation of the buildings is required to meet. According to this law, the structural element of the building must be strong to meet the different design aspect. For instance, in the case of the store case study, the building must have strong members which are able to sustain the different machines on the section. The law provides the provisions for the building to meet and the relevant authorities in construction must ensure the compliance before the renovation starts. In addition, the construction laws requires different designs yo have the key elements of design. This is done in accordance with the use requirement of each building. The law also requires the different elements which are able to sustain the safety of the personnel working and the final occupants to be met (Stephenson, 2012, p.75). This requirements requires the clients and the contractor to make the relevant applications. In addition, the law states that the q ualified personnel must be contracted to carry out the works. This is in the aid to achieve quality work. Secondly, environmental laws must be met whenever renovation works are being carried out. In the case study, the building requires some extensions of some key parts. The extensions should make sure that they do not interfere with the environment (Architects, 2013). Since the surrounding may have natural environment structures such as trees, the extensions should make sure that they comply in the preservation of such elements. In addition, the building renovation should ensure that the other member of society are able to live as required and their lives are not interfered with. Distraction such as noise and dust should be limited and ensures that they do not affect those other member of the society. The environmental rules ensure that the protection against air pollution, soil pollution and other pollution types is done properly (Hughes, Murdoch, champion, 2015, p.71). The extension and refurbishment should ensure that it does not interfere with tree by cutting them down to add the l ocation for the building. In addition, personal safety is other key laws, which require to be met whenever the renovation are being carried out. The laws states that their personnel working on the renovation must have their personal safety adhered to. According to these rules, the working conditions on the site must meet some key specification which are critical to their how safety. The personal safety laws require that the personnel in charge of the construction should train the workers on the way to take care of themselves (International Federation Of Accountants, 2001). This is in the aid to minimize the accidents on site. In addition, safety equipment are needed on the site and a qualified person to attend to the accident be trained. These are some of the key aspects, which the renovation of the building has to adhere to in relation to the construction. The on site safety is a requirements which is critical for the personal safety rules. In addition, other law, which is critical during renovation, is the dumping and contamination laws. The contamination and dumping laws help-s to ensure that the debris which are achieved from the renovation are well dumped in a proper location. In addition, the law requires that the designated areas be set on the site where the debris can be placed before they are thrown out of the site (Haidar, 2011, p.57). Moreover, during the consideration of the debris, the law requires that the relevant personnel be considerate of the safety of the other in relation to the disposal of the material. This has to take care of the environment impact, which will be achieved through such disposal and therefore able to comply with the rules of disposal. In addition, fire resistance compliance is another law, which the renovation of the building require to comply with. The case presents the renovation of a completed building meaning that it has electrical appliances and connection. The law on electrical connection requires that the power to be stepped down and therefore unable to harm the personnel working on the building (Hughes, Murdoch, Champion, 2015). The client and the contractor must ensure that the workers are able to ensure their safety from the electricity is well maintained. In addition, the law requires that the proper signing on the electric areas be marked and demarcated well. This is an area which the concerned personnel has to comply and provide those signs. Applicable types of contracts: Lump sum contract By definition, a contract is a legal abiding document, which is written between the client and contractor and able to provide the specification and conditions for the construction works. One of the major type of contract, which can be applied on the case of building renovation, is the lump sum contract or simply the fixed price contract type (Forward, Fergusson, 2013). The contract of this type is able to provide clear specification of the different items and the duration, which the work can be carried out until it is fully completed. In addition, on the contract, the whole sum of the carrying the work together with the profits and risks is all accumulated. This means that after signing the contract, the negotiations are cut and no further amount will be added on the project. This means that the contract is able to assume all the responsibility and risks of carrying out the said work. Therefore, in case of any abrupt changes on the schedule and cost, the contractor is able to bear t he full risk and the client bears not risk at any time (Punmia, 2014, p.102). Since the terms of the contract are fixed, any changes on the cost are not presented to the client and this requires the contractor to consider any such changes which are likely to occur and include them in the quotation. In the case study of a renovation of a store, a specific duration of time will be required and the specific cost can therefore be estimated. Cost plus contract Another key contract, which can apply on the said case study of a renovation and refurbishment of a building, is the cost plus contract. This is a contract where the client and the contractor are able to agree on the specific issues and duties which each has to carry out. According to this contract, each person has specification of the works he or she has to undertake (Forster, 2013). The cost of this type of contract is not fixed and therefore actuals costs, any purchases and other expenses are agreed among the parties and the specific payment made and each given time (Hutton and Meyer, 2009, p23). Due to the sharing of the duties, the client and the contractor are able to share the risks which are involved in the construction of the building. The major element that is used to determine the amount of risks, which one is able to bear, is the amount of responsibility one has on the project. This means that the more the responsibilities one has the more the risks one has to bear. In ad dition, special information which has to include the responsibilities undertaken by the different parties has to be stated and the timeline which they have to take to finish the specific duties. In the negotiation of the costs, the contractors overhead costs and the profits are included on the final agreed amount. References HUGHES, W., MURDOCH, J. R., CHAMPION, R. (2015). Construction contracts: law and management. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=981118. INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF ACCOUNTANTS. (2001). Construction contracts. New York, N.Y., International Federation of Accountants. STEPHENSON, D. A. (2012). Arbitration Practice in Construction Contracts. Hoboken, Spon Press. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=180989. PUNMIA Dr. B.C. (2014). A text book of Production Planning and Management. HAIDAR, A. D. (2011). Global claims in construction. London, Springer. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=799017. HUTTON, M., MEYER, L. (2009). Different types of comercial [i.e. commercial] building contracts. [Adelaide], Law Society of South Australia. PINSON, L. (2005). Anatomy of a business plan: a step-by-step guide to building a business and securing your company's future. Chicago, IL, Dearborn Trade Pub. FORSTER, G. (2013). Building Organisation and Procedures. Hoboken, Taylor and Francis. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1583068. FORWARD, F., FERGUSSON, W. (2013). NEC3 and Construction Contracts. London, ICE Publishing. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4713865. ARCHITECTS, A. I. O. (2013). The Architect's Handbook of Professional Practice. Hoboken, Wiley. https://www.123library.org/book_details/?id=111487.

Why God Cannot Exist Using Descartes Arguements Essays -

Why God Cannot Exist Using Descartes' Arguements Philosophy 300 Sam Black God Cannot Exist Using Descartes' Argument Steve Cara JIBC/SFU Cohort #1 May 25th, 2000 Descartes sets about proving the existence of God through his meditations on knowledge in an effort to prove the skeptics of his time wrong. He first determines that human knowledge is based entirely too much on unproved presuppositions. He argues that this makes it difficult to distinguish between truth and error, since we cannot recognize true knowledge. Descartes proposes that the quest for knowledge must be based upon universal doubt. Specifically, he proposes the following in relation to his universal methodic doubt: 1. In order to seek truth, it is necessary once in the course of our life, to doubt, as far as possible, of all things. 2. We ought also to consider as false all that is doubtful. 3. We ought not meanwhile to make use of doubt in the conduct of life? 4. Why we may doubt of sensible things. 5. Why we may also doubt of mathematical demonstrations. 6. We cannot doubt of our existence while we doubt, and this is the first knowledge we acquire when we philosophize in order. Descartes proceeded to strip away his knowledge base in order to determine the one indubitable fact, Cogito, ergo sum. From this absolute knowledge of his own existence, he set about deducing the existence of God through ontological argument. ? In our minds, the idea of God is one of an infinitely perfect Being ? An infinitely perfect being must have existence, otherwise it would not be infinitely perfect. ? Therefore, God exists. In proving the existence of God, Descartes set the groundwork for determining that God created man. He further postulated that God, being infinitely perfect and not a deceiver, could not have provided man with the deceptive powers of knowledge. Therefore, man's mental faculties are determined to be trustworthy provided we separate what there is of clear and distinct in the knowledge from what is obscure and confused. Using this reasoning, man must discard all previous knowledge which is doubt-ridden, all sensory-based knowledge (as perceptions can be misleading), and all intellection. As a result, skepticism is removed and valid knowledge possible. Descartes primary purpose was the defense of human knowledge against the attacks of the skeptics. He was justified in excluding preconceived notions, presuppositions, and traditions in determining the limits of knowledge. Descartes discarded the ability of the mind to know truth and the human abilities of contradiction and sufficient reason. In doing so, he made a solution to the problem impossible. As it relates to his theory of the existence of God, Descartes universal doubt refutes his own conclusion as to God's existence. Descartes formed an idea of God as an infinitely good being. He would have had to discover this idea within his own mind. According to his principle of universal doubt, he cannot simply know whether his conception of God is correct or incorrect. He would have, as a matter of his own principle, considered it as false until proven otherwise. Therefore, since the idea of God is in doubt, the trustworthiness of man's reasoning must also be doubtful and Descartes cannot escape his own real doubt. Descartes uses a process of reasoning, a mathematical formulae, in attempting to demonstrate God's existence. If his reasoning is of demonstrably doubtful validity, how can Descartes demonstrate God's existence? The validity of Descartes reasoning is supposed to flow as a consequence of the infinite perfection of God; and God's infinite perfect is made certain through Descartes' reasoning powers before he has even proven that these reasoning powers are valid and trustworthy. Descartes assumes the very thing beforehand which he intends to prove afterwards. (Begging the question). Descartes accepts the trustworthiness of his faculties in demonstrating the existence and infinite perfection of God, and that is illegitimate. A doubtfully valid faculty will produce a doubtfully valid argument which will, in turn, produce a doubtfully valid conclusion. The entire argument for God's existence is therefore nullified by a suspect reasoning process. Since he proves the reliability of his reason and process by means of God's veracity, the proof of his reliability cannot be established beyond doubt. Thus, Descartes attempt to vindicate the validity of human knowledge failed, because, by rejecting the reliability of his own powers

u01a1 Diversity of Life Essay

u01a1 Diversity of Life Essay u01a1 Diversity of Life Essay In the world today, it is estimated that there are 1.5 to 1.8 million discovered and formally named species. Although no one is willing to place their career on the total species number, there has been a formula use to calculate what this number is and there speculations range from 3.6 million to upwards of 100 million species. (Wilson, E.O., 2002) From early on, when the first scientists started classifying species, there were only two main classifications. The two kingdoms of living organisms that continued from the beginning of Binomial Nomenclature were Animalia (animal) or Plantae (vegetable). This practice was used until the 19th century when it was determined that this was insufficient. Currently there are five kingdoms used in the classification of organisms along with two main divisions. The two main divisions are Prokaryotae (bacteria, etc.) and Eukaryotae (animals to include humans, plants, fungi, and protists). There has been even more recent development that the prokary otes are much more diverse that previously thought, they now divided into two domains, the Bacteria and the Archaea. (Ben Waggoner, 2005) What is Biodiversity? Biodiversity is a conglomeration of organisms, species, and populations. This is the genetic variation to include complex assemblages of societies and ecosystems. It also includes the environmental interactions of genes, species, and ecosystems. There are three different types of biodiversity; genetic, species, as well as ecosystems. Additionally, there are various threats to biodiversity which include; habitat loss and destruction, alterations that occur in the ecosystem composition, over hunting and over fishing, pollution and or contamination, and the global change in climate. In the book written by Lester R. Brown, Plan B 3.0; Scientists are concerned that the world is at the precipice, referred to as â€Å"tipping points†. Brown states we are in a race and which will tip first, the earth’s natural system or the world’s political systems. These social tipping points all have global consequences, including population shrinkages of endangered species, the human population rapidly increasing in underdeveloped countries that cannot be supported, global warming and the melting of the earth’s glaciers. There have been a growing number of unresolved problems stressing weaker governments into what is now known as failing states. An early sign of a failing civilization is the failing of states. Signs of governments that lose the ability and control of the security of its population will become one of these failing states. Some of the failing states currently are; Iraq, Sudan, Somalia, Chad, Afghanistan, and Haiti to

LED lighting fixtures market of US Research Paper

LED lighting fixtures market of US - Research Paper Example Third basic benefit LED based light offers are increased life spam performance as compare to conventional lighting technologies. Well designed LED lights gives 50,000 to 100,000 hours of performance or more. Along with these basic benefits associated with LED. These features provides overall cost effectiveness and environmentally beneficial source of lighting (The Climate Group, 2012). 3. Customer Demographic and Market Demographic Lighting industry in US is second in row after China. US demand for s same is projected to increase by 7.5 percent annually amounting to $25.3 billion in 2016 (IES, 2012). This product is not entitled to cater people of certain age, state, sex etc. It is residential as well as commercial product designed for all cost sensitive segment, low income segment. These fixtures provide efficient source of lighting which is need of every house and office. 4. Reasons for Selecting China for Buying China has been selected as a destination for production as it provide s cost effective manufacturing. In year 2012 China has regarded growth of LED lighting industry for next five years as 7th emerging industry. Hence, China is providing considerable support to increase its LED production at local level. To gain this industry specific benefit combined with the low cost labor availability, it has been decided to establish setting in china for buying LED lighting fixtures from China manufacturing firms. 5. Entry Mode Selected It has been decided to enter Chinese market for buying LED lighting fixtures as third party contractors. This decision is based on the fact the currently China is supporting local production to meet its own demand. Chinese... LED lighting fixtures market of US Importing final product to US, share in US market will captured through distributors and retailers. 1. Product and Country Background LED lighting fixtures industry is among the fastest growing industries in world. When account for the Global demand for lighting fixtures, it is projected to jump high above at 6.9 percent annually to $153 billion through 2016 (Global Information, 2012). This rise in demand is contributed by three major sectors: construction, motor vehicles and machinery and commercial and residential consumers (gnom, 2012). ABC plans to introduce LED lighting fixtures for commercial and residential users. Image 1 (Smallwood, 2012) LED lighting fixtures to be sold in US will be imported from China. China has the highest demand for light fixtures and through 2016 it is expected to retain its top position by with additional 36 percent rise in demand.US follow is on second position with 18 percent share in rise in global sales (Tao, 2012). Penetration of LED lighting fixt ures in US and China with growth in future is given in image 2 and 3. High growth in demand in China and across world has resulted in an increased production of LED lighting fixtures in China with government supporting and subsidizing the industry to remain competitive (Hausken, 2011). To cater dumping issues, ABC Company, has initially developed business model based on low frill product, hence, providing product at status which is used to dump the market.

Education Sector & Collective Bargaining Research Paper

Education Sector & Collective Bargaining - Research Paper Example Furthermore, as move towards the statistics provided for the grade 8 and grade 12 students, a visible trend appears. All others states, which prohibit collective bargaining, remain at the bottom but Virginia also keep falling down in the ranking (English, 2011). According to the researches regarding the salaries of teachers, especially in the public schools, most teachers are paid with single salary schedule. Regardless of which grade and subject they teach the criteria for determining their salary remains the same, which depends heavily on their degrees, qualification, and their years of service. There are almost no schools or teachers with bargain on other factors such as difficulty of the job, working with at risk children, working conditions, previous performance, or time required by the children, researches required, and others (English, 2011). The concept of merit based pay is still far way in education sector, however, in other sectors, merit based pay is an existing and growi ng phenomenon (Hannaway & Rotherham, 2006). Nevertheless, as one move up the hierarchy of education undergraduate, masters level education and so on, the power to bargaining the salary with experience and educational qualification increases. There are fewer teachers for higher education, thus they are able to exercise significant power over the bargaining power duties (Moo, 1999; Imber & Geel, 2010). Collective bargaining in various industries and professions involving measures such as strikes and walkouts; however, they cannot be applied in the same way in the educational sector. This is true because professions of doctors, teachers, and law enforcement... As the report stresses it is interesting to note the impact of collective bargaining power on educational levels and performance of students. According to the recent statistics provided by â€Å"National Assessment of Educational Progress of the 52 American Jurisdictions†, Virginia is only American, which prohibits collective bargaining in education sector and still ranks at the seventh position when it comes to assessment of grade 4th students in reading. Furthermore, out of the top 30 states in this list, Virginia is the only one to prohibit collective bargaining. This paper declares that most teachers are paid with single salary schedule. Regardless of which grade and subject they teach the criteria for determining their salary remains the same, which depends heavily on their degrees, qualification, and their years of service. There are almost no schools or teachers with bargain on other factors such as difficulty of the job, working with at risk children, working conditions, previous performance, or time required by the children, researches required, and others. The concept of merit based pay is still far way in education sector, however, in other sectors, merit based pay is an existing and growing phenomenon. Collective bargaining in various industries and professions involving measures such as strikes and walkouts; however, they cannot be applied in the same way in the educational sector. This is true because professions of doctors, teachers, and law enforcement agencies provided important and urgent services to the society.

The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway Essay Example for Free

The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway Essay The Old Man and the Sea is a story, in my view, about man vs. the elements, individuality, and one mans obsession to dominate his world. For Ernest Hemingway far more than for most men, the specter of age was a terrible specter indeed, and the virtue of action upon which he had based his art in his life was the virtue of the young. This, I believe, pervaded the legendary figure of Ernest Hemingway as the youthful, virile adventurer, tempered with humility. Hemingway has been notably preoccupied with individualism as well as self-endurance and, in my view, no where is this more exemplified than in his novel The Old Man and the Sea. The Old Man and the Sea is basically a story about an old man who sets out in a small boat on what presumes to be a routine fishing expedition. Unexpectedly, he connected with a very large fish which precipitated a struggle which appeared interminable. The fish was a marlin, and the struggle resulted in the death and capture of this enormous fish. At that point, he secured the marlin and headed home. Unfortunately, along the way, he was besieged by sharks which he was unable to fight off. The time span in the novel The Old Man and the Sea is relatively short. The old mans name is Santiago, and he spends all of eighty-four days without catching a fish. After his first nibble from this great marlin, he struggles greatly to hang on to this fish even though every muscle in his body causes him the greatest pain à ¾ and the second night he nibbles on a small fish and sleeps for the first time, whereupon a furious jerk of the line awakens him. Its during the third day that the great marlin begins to circle the boat and, in almost no time, the sharks (beginning with a mako) begin to move in on Santiagos catch. Even after Santiago brings in the bare remains of the flesh-stripped marlin, it creates a big stir among the village fisherman, and tourists observe with detached amusement the skeletal remains of Santiagos three-day battle. They do not understand the nature or significance of Santiagos experiences. Hemingway refers to the fishing rod being part of a life-death cycle. While the rod is alone without a fish on the other end, it is dead. However, when there is a fish on the end of the line, the rod becomes a living rod. This life ends, however, when the fish is removed from the line. The struggle for life is aptly presented in this story by Hemingway through describing the struggle of a fish and a man in which the fish struggles to free himself, while the man struggles to maintain him. It is a huge fish and he puts up a great fight. Two Hearted River: Part II à ¾ Summary and Analysis. Another story regarding life and death and the struggle for life was Ernest Hemingways short story Two Hearted River: Part II. he warmth and life-giving quality of the sun is mentioned early in the story. In the morning, it is as if the grasshoppers are lifeless. It takes the warmth and life-giving quality of the sun to spring these creatures to life. One grasshopper slowly works its way out of the b ottle Nick was holding. It seemed that temporarily this grasshopper had found life. However, as it jumped into the stream, its life was over as a trout ate the small animal and killed it. Another grasshopper was taken from the bottle. It was alive and squirming in Nicks hand. Nick then took a hook and thrust it into the thorax and the abdomen of the creature, killing it. Thus, life occurs one moment and death takes over the next. Another struggle is identified by Hemingway in this story. A living trout is hooked by Nick once more. The trout puts up a desperate struggle to free himself from the hook in his mouth. However, the struggle is lost and Nick hauls in the fish. Although he is allowed to live temporarily in a small sack that is filled with water, the fate of this fish is obvious. Nick holds the fish and whacks him against a log. The life in the fish ceases. The wriggling of the body stops as he turns rigid and lifeless. The death of a tree is also mentioned in this story. A huge, living elm had been uprooted by the force of the river, and it was not dead and lifeless. The aforementioned, Two Hearted River: Part II, is a minor work by E. Hemingway. At the same time, I chose this particular story because I felt it had particular significance for the primary subject of this research paper. Published Criticism At this point, I should like to proffer some criticism of Ernest Hemingway à ¾ and at the same time attempt to relate this to the primary topic of choice, i.e. The Old Man and the Sea. Whether Hemingway every achieved an ultimate solution to the dilemma of his approach to age, virtue and boyishness is not for us to judge, although the circumstances of his death indicated that he could not and would not abide a final weakening of those powers which were so important to the protagonists of his stories. In the last decade or so of his life, however, Hemingway did find a way to cope with the fact of his own age. He would dramatize what he could not avoid. Because of his absolute youthfulness, he regards old age as an utter and complete tragedy, as it is of course the only true tragedy, and he is not going to degrade himself by maturing or anything absurd of that sort. All the same, since he has a sense of costume, he will emphasize his decline in all its hopelessness by sprouting a white beard and generally acting the part of Senex. To a large extent, I believe that this critique has to do with the old man who has to give up on catching this fish. Similarly, in my mind , there is strong metaphysical evidence in terms of the old man and his refusal to give up on a struggle which he personally acknowledges is particularly difficult due to his old age à ¾ but yet he refuses to capitulate to this inevitability. Why is it that Ernest Hemingway pursues such thematic material with such drive and vigor? I believe that the answer may be found within the man himself. It has been acknowledged by critics à ¾ almost unanimously à ¾ that much of his thematic material reflects the man himself as, in my view, do his novels and short stories, as already indicated. To this extent, I should like to offer some biography on Ernest Hemingway which may serve to illuminate this belief. Hemingway was the second of six children of Clarence and Grace Hemingway. Upon graduation from Oak Park High School in 1917, he chose journalism instead of college, and spent seven educational months as a cub reporter for the Kansas City Star. Hemingway secured a part-time job as a feature writer for the Toronto Star and, in the fall of 1920, he became contributing editor of a trade journal in Chicago wherein he met one, Hadley Richardson, whom he married in September of 1921. Together they sailed for France and, for nineteen months occupied a walk-up flat in the Latin quarter of Paris. Hemingways serious writings began tentatively with the Paris publication in 1923-24 of two slender books of pros and poetry, yet his name was still little known in the U.S. Subsequently, he divorced Hadley and moved to Key West, Florida in 1928. He remained there for twelve years and completed A Farewell to Arms. There is much to be said about this man, and his experiences in Spain represented an entire chapter unto themselves. In Cuba in 1945, Hemingway began a romantic novel of reminiscences, including The Garden of Eden which, to date, to my knowledge, remains unpublished. Considering Hemingways passion for the sea à ¾ where he spent much of his life à ¾ and fishing, the thematic content of The Old Man and the Sea, to me, underscores the thematic content of individualism, struggle against the elements, and the refusal to bend to the challenges of time and old age.

The Meaning of Heritage in Alice Walkers Everyday Use Essay -- Everyd

The Meaning of Heritage in Alice Walker's Everyday Use  Ã‚      Alice Walker's "Everyday Use," is a story about a poor, African-American family and a conflict about the word "heritage." In this short story, the word "heritage" has two meanings. One meaning for the word "heritage" represents family items, thoughts, and traditions passed down through the years. The other meaning for the word "heritage" represents the African-American culture. There are three women in this short story, two sisters and their mother. One of the sisters is named Maggie and the other is named Dee. Maggie and her mother believe that the word "heritage" deals with their family?s traditions. These traditions are the only ones they have ever known and/or cared about. Dee, on the other hand, believes that "heritage" is about African culture, and she wants nothing to do with her family?s heritage until it is in style. Throughout "Everyday Use," there are examples that show Maggie and her mother have knowledge about their family?s heritage. There are also examples that show Maggie and her mother cherish their family?s heritage and Dee does not. Next, there are examples that show Dee is not concerned with her family?s heritage until it becomes stylish. Finally, there are examples that show Dee embracing her African-American heritage instead of her family?s heritage. The narrator of "Everyday Use" is the mother, and the story opens with Maggie and her mother waiting for Dee to arrive. The mother?s description of her family?s yard, "a yard like this is more comfortable than most people know" (Walker 1149), shows that she is happy and content with her current surroundings. This land is a part of their family?s heritage, and the mother is comfortable l... ...ly?s heritage. So ironically, while Dee is looking for her African-American culture, and it lies right in front of her eyes. Her sister, mother, grandmother, and herself are all a part of their family?s heritage, which stems from the African-American heritage that Dee is so desperate to find. Works Cited Allen-Polley, Kathryn. "Dee?s Heritage." Ode to Friendship. Ed. Connie Bellamy. Virginia Wesleyan College, 1998. Baker and Pierce-Baker, Houston and Charlotte. "Patches: Quilts and Community in Alice Walker?s ?Everyday Use.?" Alice Walker: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Eds. Henry Louis Gates and K. A. Appiah. New York: Amistad , 1993. Callahan, John. "Review of Love and Trouble." Short Story Criticism Vol. 5. (Essay date 1974). Walker, Alice. "Everyday Use." Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: Harper Collins, 1991.

Automobile and Tucker Essay

The movie, Tucker: The Man and His Dream, is the story of a man named Preston Tucker and takes place in the 1940’s. Preston Tucker’s dream was to design and build the greatest automobile ever made. At first, he began by bringing home drawings of his dream car, which was to be called the Tucker Torpedo. He showed the drawings to a man who would eventually become his partner, Abe. Initially, Abe doesn’t like the idea of building a car, but he didn’t know anything about cars. Tucker placed an advertisement in a magazine about his car, and the public became excited. The car would have an engine in the rear, a middle headlight that turned with the car, and a windshield that would pop out when the car was in a wreck. In the meantime, Robert Bennington, who was the CEO of Ford, became worried that the Tucker Torpedo may put Ford out of business, so Bennington made a deal with him to allow him to buy a plant to build the car in. This also gave Ford a reason to be involved in building the car. The deal stated that Tucker must make at least fifty cars in one year in order to keep the plant, and the first car needed to be presented to the public within sixty days. Abe invested $6,000 to help Tucker build the first car. On the day of the presentation, the car was built but had no engine. Therefore, they had some problems getting it on stage, but once it was on stage, the thousands of people who attended the presentation cheered. After that, Bennington announced to Tucker that he wanted to change the car. He didn’t want the engine in the rear of the car, and since the ? Big 3†², the three largest automobile makers in the US, were buying all of the steel, there was not enough for Tucker to buy to build his cars. Tucker protested the ? Big 3†². A man named Howard Hughes, who owned a steel company, told Tucker about a helicopter company who needed to sell steel. So Tucker bought a helicopter engine and converted it to a car engine, and the car worked. After Tucker protested the ? Big 3†², he was spied on by people who worked for the ? Big 3†² companies. They accused him of not running his business properly, but it was not true. Abe got scared because he had already served three years in prison for bank fraud and did not want to get caught up in another mess, so he resigned. Then, there were commercials out that told the public that Tucker’s car was built piece by piece from a junkyard. Eventually, the government started a full investigation on Tucker and charged him with fraud. Tucker lost most of his investors from this, and had already spent too much money trying to build the car. He did make all the cars, but he did not make the fifty car minimum in time and lost his plant. He was found not guilty of fraud, but after all the bad publicity, people no longer wanted the cars, and Tucker had lost a lot of money, so no more cars were ever made. Today, some of Tucker’s Torpedo’s are still around; some are in museums, and some of them even still run. After watching the movie, I researched the Tucker Tornado on the Internet. One source, The History of the Tucker 48, at www. gizmohighway. com, says that the car actually had additional features not mentioned in the movie. In addition to the turning headlight, rear engine and the windshield that would pop out, the Tucker Torpedo also had more room inside the car and padded steering wheels and dashboards. Another source, 1946 Tucker Torpedo, at www.cybersteering. com, also says that Tucker applied for a $30 million loan before he was accused of fraud and that in 1956, Tucker died of lung cancer in Brazil while trying to build another car, the Carioca. I also found in the open letter from Preston Tucker, at www. tuckerclub. org, that this is a letter that Preston Tucker wrote to protest the other automobile companies and the investigations that eventually killed his company. In it he says that he actually had 1,872 Tucker dealers and almost 50,000 investors that put $25 million into his company. The definition of an entrepreneurship is a person who organizes and manages a business, assuming the risk for the sake of a profit. Preston Tucker started a company and wanted to build a car for Americans knowing that it would take a lot of money that he did not have. He organized and managed the business and assumed the risk of losing a lot of money for a lot of people. I think that Tucker was not treated fairly by his competition. New entrepreneurs like Preston Tucker should be given the same fair chance to build a business just like the others had to build theirs.

The Frailty of Women Myth - 971 Words

The topic I chose to write my essay on was â€Å"The Frailty Myth,† which is the belief that women are naturally weak and frail. Throughout my essay, I will emphasize Sociological Imagination by showing the connections between personal lives and the social world currently and back in the day. Sociological Imagination consists of 4 sensibilities; historical, cultural, structural and critical. Historical sensibility involves the analyzation of how our society got to be the way that it is. For example, women’s sports in 1865 up until now. Cultural sensibility is the ability to understand human belief’s, behaviors and activities in context of their own cultures. Structural sensibility is the organization of a society that explains a certain phenomenon. Critical sensibility is skeptical thinking that requires â€Å"digging deep† to find the answers by asking your self two important questions, how do we know? and how could it be otherwise? My main focus will be exercising my historical sensibility in order to better understand â€Å"The Frailty Myth.† â€Å"The Frailty Myth† is an issue that has haunted women in sports from 1865 until now. Although women have the capability to play any sport desirable, they are subject to limits and are still seen as â€Å"weak† individuals. For example, there are multiple differences between men’s and women’s basketball that is a true representation of â€Å"The Frailty Myth† today. The first difference is the size and weight of the ball. According to the author, Mona Huang,Show MoreRelatedSynopsis Of A Book Meridian By Alice Walker Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagescharacter is tough to pin down. Who she is will not be clear to the audience. This perhaps presages that Meridian’s moral authority and power will not be easily defined or pinned down either and it is useless to try to assign a secondary meaning (â€Å"myth†) to her because it will always shift. 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